Jurnal Farmasindo: Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat

EFEKTIVITAS PENGGUNAAN RAMUAN JAMU DALAM BENTUK REBUSAN DAN KAPSUL TERHADAP PENURUNAN KADAR KOLESTEROL PASIEN HIPERKOLESTEROLEMIA

Agustina Dwiyanti — 2026-06-30

Hypercholesterolemia is one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease, which is the leading cause of death in Indonesia. Herbal concoctions are an alternative therapy that is considered safer, more affordable, and has minimal side effects. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of using herbal concoctions in the form of decoctions and capsules in reducing cholesterol levels in patients with mild hypercholesterolemia at the Hortus Medicus Tawangmangu Herbal Science Clinic. This study used an analytical observational design based on medical records from 2024. A sample of 60 patients was divided into two groups of decoctions and capsules. Both preparations had the same composition: guava leaves, Chinese guava leaves, and tempuyung leaves with a therapy duration of 28 days. Data analysis used a paired t-test and an independent t-test. The paired t-test showed a difference between cholesterol levels before and after using the herbal concoction. In the decoction group, cholesterol levels decreased from 217.37 mg/dL to 196.17 mg/dL, while in the capsule group, cholesterol levels decreased from 217.17 mg/dL to 202.12 mg/dL with a p-value of 0.00 <0.05. The independent t-test showed an average decrease in cholesterol levels in the decoction group of 21.00 mg/dL, while in the capsule group it was 14.90 mg/dL, with a p-value of 0.00 <0.05. This indicates that decoction is more effective than capsules in reducing total cholesterol levels. This research can be the basis for the development of more effective anti-cholesterol herbal preparations.

VALORISASI AMPAS TEBU: STUDI MOLECULAR DOCKING SENYAWA FENOLIK SEBAGAI KANDIDAT INHIBITOR COX-2

Wahyuni Agus — 2026-06-30

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an important target in anti-inflammatory therapy due to its role in the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins. Phenolic compounds from natural sources, including those found in agroindustrial waste such as sugarcane bagasse, have been reported to possess potential as COX-2 inhibitors. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of phenolic compounds from sugarcane bagasse as candidate COX-2 inhibitors through molecular docking and ADMET prediction approaches. The analysis was conducted in silico using AutoDockTools 1.5.7, BIOVIA DSV, and pkCSM on 20 phenolic compounds. The COX-2 protein (6COX chain A) was prepared, and docking validation was performed via redocking of the reference ligand S58. Of the 20 compounds, 16 complied with Lipinski’s Rule of Five and exhibited favorable ADMET profiles, while 4 showed deviations. Docking validation yielded an RMSD of 1.17 Å, confirming the validity of the method. Four flavonoids (albainin A, australon A, luteolin, apigenin) demonstrated binding free energies ranging from −8.73 to −9.84 kcal/mol, comparable to the reference ligand S58 (−10.56 kcal/mol). Phytosterol even showed the lowest binding energy (−10.85 kcal/mol, Ki 11.15 nM), despite deviating from Lipinski’s criteria. Interaction analysis revealed the involvement of active residues Arg120, Tyr355, Ser353, Val523, and Phe518. These findings highlight that at least five phenolic compounds from sugarcane bagasse possess potential as natural COX-2 inhibitors, supporting the valorization of agroindustrial waste as a source of value-added bioactive compounds.

PENGARUH EDUKASI “TANYA LIMA O” PENGGUNAAN OBAT ANTIHIPERTENSI TERHADAP TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN LANSIA

Rani Tiara Desty — 2026-06-30

The rational use of antihypertensive drugs is crucial for therapeutic success, especially among the elderly, who require adequate information when receiving medications. The "Tanya Lima O" (Ask Five O) education aims to improve elderly patients’ knowledge regarding their medications. This study aimed to determine the effect of "Tanya Lima O" education using a leaflet on the knowledge of elderly individuals at the Ngudi Sehat Elderly Posyandu, RW 9 Mojosongo. This research employed a pre-experimental one-group pre-test post-test design with 33 respondents selected through total sampling. The instrument used was a validated and reliable 20-item questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Most respondents were aged 60–74 years (78.8%), female (69.7%), had completed primary school (42.4%), and were unemployed (54.5%). Before the education, 51.5% had moderate knowledge, which increased to 81.8% in the good category after the intervention. Statistical tests showed a significant difference (p = 0.000). Conclusion: The "Tanya Lima O" education using a leaflet effectively improved elderly individuals’ knowledge of antihypertensive drug use. This study highlights the importance of continuous education and the active role of healthcare workers or community health volunteers in delivering clear and comprehensive medication information.

STUDI LITERATUR LIMBAH OBAT RUMAH TANGGA

Rani Tiara Desty — 2026-06-30

This study employed a descriptive qualitative approach through literature review to examine household pharmaceutical waste disposal pathways and their impacts on aquatic environments. Using the PICO framework, the review focused on Indonesian households (P) practicing improper disposal methods such as trash bins or drainage systems (I), compared to safe practices like take-back programs (C), with outcomes including water contamination and antimicrobial resistance (O). The literature selection followed the PRISMA flowchart, screening over 500 articles from Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus (2017-2025) to yield 30+ relevant sources. Findings revealed that over 70% of respondents dispose of medications improperly, leading to pharmaceutical residues (antibiotics, analgesics) detected in groundwater and rivers, posing risks to aquatic ecosystems and human health. Recommendations include intensive pharmacist-led education and national medication return programs to mitigate environmental risks.

UJI AKTIVITAS PEREDAMAN RADIKAL BEBAS DPPH EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN JERUK NIPIS (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle)

Rengganis Ulvia — 2026-06-30

Background: Free radicals are reactive molecules that cause oxidative stress and degenerative diseases. Antioxidants prevent cell damage by donating electrons. Lime leaves (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) contain flavonoids, such as quercetin, with strong antioxidant activity. Their content and activity are influenced by the extraction method and solvent, with UAE using 96% ethanol being effective in extracting flavonoids. Research Objective: To determine the DPPH free radical scavenging activity of ethanol extract of lime leaves obtained using the UAE method based on IC₅₀ values.

Research Method: Lime leaves were extracted using the UAE method with 96% ethanol as the solvent at a ratio of 1:10. The extract was tested organoleptically, subjected to phytochemical screening, and evaluated for DPPH radical scavenging activity using quercetin as a standard. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was expressed as the 50% inhibition concentration (IC₅₀). The IC₅₀ values of the extract and standard were statistically analyzed using SPSS with an Independent T-test at a 95% confidence level. Research Results: The extraction of lime leaves yielded 5.4%, with organoleptic characteristics of dark green color, distinctive lime leaf odor, and thick texture. Phytochemical screening of the ethanol extract of lime leaves revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, and tannins. The free radical scavenging activity of quercetin showed an IC₅₀ value of 2.212 ppm, while the ethanol extract of lime leaves showed an IC₅₀ value of 69.402 ppm. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of lime (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) leaves exhibits strong free radical scavenging activity against DPPH.

GAMBARAN PENGGUNAAN OBAT ANTIHIPERTENSI PADA PASIEN HIPERTENSI DI PUSKESMAS GATAK

Riyan setiyanto — 2026-06-30

Hypertension is defined as an increase in systolic blood pressure of more than 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure of more than 90 mmHg on two measurements with an interval of five minutes while at rest. The prevalence of hypertension in Indonesia in people aged 18 years and above with a medical diagnosis is 8.4%, only 8.8% of people are taking medication while those who are not taking medication are 34.1%. The purpose of this study was to determine the description of the use of antihypertensive drugs in hypertension patients at the Gatak Community Health Center in January 2025.

The method used is a descriptive observational method with a cross-sectional design. Data collection was carried out retrospectively by tracing the medical records of hypertensive patients in January 2025. The population in this study was all medical records of hypertensive patients in January 2025 at the Gatak Community Health Center, with a total sampling of 216 patients. The research results obtained were processed in the form of percentages and grouped by age, gender, degree of hypertension, and the use of antihypertensive drugs, either single or in combination, based on the drug class.

Based on the research results, the single drug most commonly used in the treatment of hypertension is Amlodipine 10 mg with a frequency of use of 98.0%. For combination therapy, the most frequently used drug combination is amlodipine 10 mg + furosemide, which was recorded as being used at 36.4%. In addition, the most dominant class of antihypertensive drugs in use is the Calcium Channel Blocker (CCB) class with a proportion of use reaching 97.0%. These findings indicate a preference for the use of CCB drugs, especially Amlodipine, both in single therapy and combination therapy, in the management of hypertension patients.

PENGUJIAN AKTIVITAS LARVASIDA EKSTRAK ETANOL KULIT BAWANG PUTIH (ALLIUM SATIVUM L.) TERHADAP MORTALITAS LARVA AEDES AEGYPTI

Ivan Charles — 2026-06-30

Aedes aegypti is the primary vector of dengue fever (DF), which poses a significant public health problem. This study aimed to evaluate the larvicidal activity of ethanol extract from garlic peel (Allium sativum L.) and to analyze the effect of concentration variation on larval mortality. The extract was obtained using a reflux method with 70% ethanol as the solvent. The study was conducted experimentally in the laboratory by exposing third instar larvae to various extract concentrations. Larval mortality was analyzed using probit analysis to determine LC90 and LT90 values. The results showed that the ethanol extract of garlic peel exhibited larvicidal activity, with larval mortality increasing in line with higher extract concentrations. LC90 and LT90 values indicate the effectivenes of the extract as a larvicide. These findings suggest that garlic peel has the potential to be a safe and sustainable plant-based alternative for controlling Aedes aegypti vectors.

STUDI IN VIVO GEL FRAKSI ETIL ASETAT Aloe vera UNTUK PENYEMBUHAN LUKA BAKAR

arief rafsanjani — 2026-06-30

Aedes aegypti is the primary vector of dengue fever, a major public health concern worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the larvicidal activity of ethanol extract of garlic peel (Allium sativum L.) and to analyze the effect of different extract concentrations on larval mortality. The extract was obtained using the reflux extraction method with 70% ethanol as the solvent. An experimental laboratory study was conducted by exposing third-instar A. aegypti larvae to various concentrations of the extract. Larval mortality was analyzed using probit analysis to determine the LC90 and LT90 values. Mortality observations were carried out at 30, 60, 120, 240, 480, 720, and 1440 minutes (24 hours) after treatment. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in larval mortality among treatment groups (p < 0.05). LT50 and LT90 values were estimated using probit analysis and should be presented together with their 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) to indicate the precision of the estimates. The results demonstrated that the ethanol extract of garlic peel exhibited larvicidal activity, with larval mortality increasing as the extract concentration increased. The LC90 and LT90 values confirmed the effectiveness of the extract as a larvicidal agent. These findings suggest that garlic peel has the potential to serve as a safe, environmentally friendly, and sustainable plant-based larvicide for the control of Aedes aegypti populations

ANALISIS KUANTITATIF BERKAS INFORMED CONSENT PASIEN SECTIO CAESAREA (SC) DI RSU MARDI LESTARI SRAGEN

Anisatun Musyarofah — 2026-06-30

Informed consent is an essential document in healthcare services that serves as a form of approval for medical procedures and holds strong legal value. The completeness of informed consent form documentation is an important indicator of service quality and legal protection for both healthcare providers and patients. However, in practice, incomplete documentation is still frequently found. This study aims to determine the level of completeness of informed consent forms for Sectio Caesarea (SC) patients at RSU Mardi Lestari Sragen. This study employed a descriptive method with a quantitative approach, involving the analysis of 66 informed consent forms from SC patients for the period August 2024 – December 2025.. The results showed that the completeness level in the patient identification aspect was 86%, important reporting aspect was 92%, the authentication aspect was 96%, and the proper and accurate documentation aspect was 97%. Although generally categorized as good, several components were still found incomplete, particularly in the patient identification section. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the completeness of informed consent form documentation for SC patients at RSU Mardi Lestari Sragen is generally good but has not yet reached the optimal standard of 100%. Therefore, improvements are needed in staff accuracy, supervision, and refinement of documentation procedures to achieve optimal completeness.

PEMBENGKAKAN PERI-ARTICULAR DAN NYERI SENDI AKIBAT AMLODIPINE: SUATU REAKSI OBAT YANG TIDAK DIKEHENDAKI DENGAN ONSET LAMBAT : SEBUAH LAPORAN KASUS

Cindy Marseli — 2026-06-30

Amlodipine is a widely prescribed calcium channel blocker that is generally well tolerated, with peripheral edema being its most recognized adverse drug reaction (ADR). Musculoskeletal complaints such as arthralgia and peri-articular swelling have been reported but remain exceedingly rare and poorly characterized. We report a case of recurrent joint pain and peri-articular swelling in a 64-year-old woman receiving long-term amlodipine 10 mg daily. Symptoms appeared several hours after each dose and resolved within 48-72 hours of drug discontinuation. No alternative causes were identified, and clinical evaluation excluded gout and inflammatory arthritis. Cessation of amlodipine resulted in marked symptomatic improvement, and antihypertensive therapy was switched to candesartan. The Naranjo Algorithm yielded a score of 7, indicating a probable ADR. This case highlights a rare musculoskeletal reaction, potentially linked to amlodipine-induced periaortic edema or tissue susceptibility, in older patients with multimorbidity. Early recognition of such atypical ADRs is essential to prevent unnecessary morbidity and to strengthen pharmacovigilance data.

PENGETAHUAN MASYARAKAT RURAL TENTANG DAGUSIBU (DAPATKAN, GUNAKAN, SIMPAN, BUANG) OBAT KAMPUNG BONGAS KABUPATEN GARUT

Raden Aldizal Mahendra Rizkio Syamsudin — 2026-06-30

The DAGUSIBU Program (Get, Use, Store, Dispose) is a program aimed at improving public health and safety in medication use. This study aims to analyze the knowledge of the residents of Bongas Village, Garut, regarding the DAGUSIBU concept. The study used a cross-sectional method with quota sampling and data collection through questionnaires. Results showed that the majority of residents had a moderate level of knowledge (55.4%) while 44.6% had a lower level of understanding of DAGUSIBU. Education level (p 0.04) also influenced knowledge levels. In conclusion, further education on DAGUSIBU is needed in the community.

FORMULASI DAN UJI ANTIOKSIDAN GEL MOISTURIZER EKSTRAK BIJI KOPI HIJAU ROBUSTA (Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner) DENGAN METODE DPPH

Tiara Ramadaini — 2026-06-30

Introduction: Robusta green coffee beans (Coffea canephora) are recognized for their abundant chlorogenic acid content, a bioactive compound with significant antioxidant capacity capable of neutralizing free radicals that contribute to dermal damage. The gel dosage form was selected owing to its lightweight consistency, rapid dermal absorption, and combined moisturizing and protective properties. This study aimed to produce a physically and organoleptically stable gel formulation derived from robusta green coffee bean extract, with emphasis on optimizing antioxidant activity as assessed by the DPPH method through IC₅₀ determination. Method: An experimental laboratory approach was employed, utilizing beans obtained from Parapat, Toba region. The study encompassed three sequential stages: plant material extraction, gel preparation, and comprehensive physicochemical stability assessment. Results: Extraction produced an 11.15% yield. Characterization of the crude extract met established quality parameters, with moisture content at 2.5%, water-soluble extract at 13.3%, ethanol-soluble extract at 13.6%, total ash at 3.33%, and acid-insoluble ash at 0.5%. All three gel formulations (F1, F2, F3) exhibited characteristic coffee organoleptic profiles, maintained homogeneity, demonstrated stable pH values ranging from 6.2 to 6.7, displayed satisfactory spreadability, and caused no skin irritation. Moisturization parameters including skin hydration, wrinkle reduction, and pore appearance were improved across all formulations. Formulation F3, containing 9% extract, delivered the highest antioxidant efficacy with an IC₅₀ of 53.157 ppm, placing it in the strong antioxidant category. Conclusion: Robusta green coffee bean extract was successfully incorporated into a stable and safe gel moisturizer with strong antioxidant activity. A direct relationship was observed between extract concentration and both moisturizing performance and free radical scavenging capability.

PERBANDINGAN AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN EKSTRAK ETANOL BIJI KOPI ARABIKA (Coffea arabica L.) DAN KOPI ROBUSTA (Coffea canephora L.) SEMENDE DARAT LAUT SUMATERA SELATAN

indah indah — 2026-06-30

This research was conducted to determine and compare the antioxidant capacity of 70% ethanolic extracts of Arabica (Coffea arabica L.) and Robusta (Coffea canephora L.) coffee beans collected from Semende Darat Laut, South Sumatra, Indonesia. The coffee beans were extracted by maceration using 70% ethanol, while free-radical scavenging activity was examined by the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay and read at 517 nm using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The Arabica bean extract produced an IC₅₀ of 38.879 µg/mL and was classified as having very strong antioxidant activity. In comparison, the Robusta extract yielded an IC₅₀ of 52.402 µg/mL, which falls into the strong category. As the positive control, vitamin C showed an IC₅₀ of 29.636 µg/mL. Qualitative phytochemical tests detected phenolic compounds, saponins, and steroids in both extracts. These results suggest that Arabica coffee beans from Semende Darat Laut exhibit stronger antioxidant potential than Robusta beans, presumably due to differences in phenolic constituents, including chlorogenic acid. Thus, both local coffee varieties may be considered prospective natural antioxidant sources for health-related product development.

ANALISIS FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN KESEHATAN REPRODUKSI PADA REMAJA PUTRI DI SMP IT AR-RISALAH SUKOHARJO

Wahyu Ratri Sukmaningsih — 2026-06-30

Adolescent reproductive health is an important issue in public health because it is closely related to the quality of future generations. This study aimed to analyze the factors associated with the level of reproductive health knowledge among female adolescents at SMP IT Ar-Risalah Sukoharjo. This research employed an observational analytic quantitative study with a cross-sectional design. A total of 65 respondents were selected using purposive sampling technique. The independent variables included age, menarche status, educational exposure, source of information, parental role, and media access, while the dependent variable was the level of reproductive health knowledge. Data were collected using questionnaires that had been tested for validity and reliability. Data analysis was performed using Chi-Square test and Logistic Regression. The results showed that most respondents had a good level of reproductive health knowledge (56,9%). Bivariate analysis indicated that all variables were significantly associated with the level of knowledge (p<0,05). Multivariate analysis showed that educational exposure (p=0,015; OR=3,67) and parental role (p=0,043; OR=2,74) were significant factors influencing reproductive health knowledge. Educational exposure was identified as the most dominant factor. This study highlights the importance of structured reproductive health education and active parental support in improving reproductive health knowledge among female adolescents.

POTENSI INTERAKSI FARMAKOKINETIK OBAT STATIN PADA PASIEN RAWAT INAP: KAJIAN RETROSPEKTIF DI RUMAH SAKIT X PALEMBANG

Alinda Tania — 2026-06-30

Drug interaction is defined as an alteration in the effect of a drug caused by the administration of another drug, either given previously or concurrently, which may influence the effectiveness or increase the toxicity of one or more drugs. This study was conducted to analyze the potential drug interactions associated with statin therapy among hospitalized patients at Hospital X in Palembang during the period of January–December 2023. This study uses retrospective data with descriptive analytical research design. Based on the calculation using the Slovin formula, 76 medical records were used as the sample. The results show that the highest patient age group was 56–65 years (36%), the majority were female (64%), and the most common diagnosis was hypertension (26%). The most widely used statin was simvastatin (55%), followed by atorvastatin (45%). The most commonly co-prescribed drug class was antihypertensives (29%). Drug interaction potential was found in 83% of patients, while 17% had no potential interactions. The predominant severity level was moderate (52%), followed by major (47%), and minor (1%). The most common interaction mechanism was pharmacokinetic (91%), followed by pharmacodynamic (9%).

UJI ANTIPIRETIK PATCH TRANSDERMAL EKSTRAK ETANOL HERBA MENIRAN (Phyllanthus niruri L.) TERHADAP TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN

Disa Andriani — 2026-06-30

Fever is a physiological response to infection characterized by an increase in body temperature due to prostaglandin production in the hypothalamus. Phyllanthus niruri contains flavonoids and alkaloids with potential antipyretic activity. The development of transdermal patch dosage forms is intended to improve therapeutic effectiveness by avoiding first-pass metabolism. Ethanol extract of meniran at two dose levels, 0.3 g and 0.6 g/200 g body weight of rats. Patch characteristics were evaluated including organoleptic properties, pH, weight uniformity, thickness, folding endurance, and moisture absorption. The antipyretic activity test was conducted on male white rats induced with DPT-HB-Hib vaccine. The ethanol extract of meniran yielded 14.39% and tested positive for flavonoids and alkaloids. All patch formulations met the requirements for transdermal dosage forms. The antipyretic test showed that formula F2 (0.6 g/200 g BW) had higher effectiveness than F1 (0.3 g/200 g BW), with %AAP values of 2.021% and 1.884%. Statistical analysis indicated a significant difference among treatment groups (p < 0.05).

ANALISIS LEAN SERVICE RECOVERY (LSR) DALAM MEDICATION MANAGEMENT DAN PELAYANAN KEFARMASIAN RUMAH SAKIT: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW

Isma — 2026-06-30

This study aims to analyze the implementation of Lean Service Recovery (LSR) in medication management and hospital pharmaceutical services through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. The research was conducted using the PRISMA framework by systematically reviewing scientific articles retrieved from Scopus, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. The literature selection process yielded 22 relevant studies focusing on lean management, service recovery, medication management, patient safety, and pharmaceutical care in hospital settings. The findings indicate that Lean Service Recovery significantly contributes to improving both the efficiency and quality of pharmaceutical services. This is achieved through the optimization of prescription workflows, reduction of waiting times, prevention of medication errors, improvement in drug distribution accuracy, and enhancement of patient safety and patient satisfaction. Furthermore, the integration of smart pharmacy systems and digital healthcare technologies enhances service effectiveness and accelerates service recovery processes. However, several challenges were identified, including organizational resistance to change, limited human resources, insufficient lean management training, and suboptimal pharmaceutical information systems. Therefore, Lean Service Recovery can be considered a strategic approach that integrates operational efficiency, service recovery, continuous improvement, and patient-centered care to support more responsive, safe, and sustainable hospital pharmaceutical services.

TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN PENGGUNAAN ANTIBIOTIK DI FKTP dr. WENY MAYRENDA BAGAN PETE KOTA JAMBI

Anggun Mutiara — 2026-06-30

The high use of antibiotics may occur because of increased the antibiotics consumption. A low level of knowledge regarding antibiotic use is known to contribute to antibiotic resistance. The objective of this study was to asses the level of knowledge related to antibiotic use among patients at FKTP dr. Weny Mayrenda Bagan Pete, Jambi City. The research design used a descriptive quantitative method with a cross-sectional design. The findings revealed that among 110 respondents, the majority were early adult (60%) and female (60%). Based on the educational background, most respondents had secondary education (46.4%), and a substantial number of respondents were unemployed (33.6%). The findings of the study showed that most respondents possessed a high level of knowledge regarding antibiotics, with a total of 52 respondents (47,3%), followed by a moderate level of knowledge with 31 respondents (28.2%), and a low level of knowledge with 27 respondents (24.5%). No meaningful relationship was observed between the level of knowledge and respondents’ age or gender (p-value > 0.05). However, educational level and employment status were significantly related to the level of knowledge (p-value < 0.05).

POTENSI GEL SARANG BURUNG WALET PUTIH (Aerodramus fuciphagus) DALAM PENYEMBUHAN LUAS LUKA INSISI PADA MENCIT (Mus musculus)

Mirna Mualim — 2026-06-30

The white edible bird’s nest (Aerodramus fuchipagus) is formed from the secretion of bird saliva that is woven into a nest and is known to have various benefits, particularly in accelerating wound healing due to its high protein content. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of white edible bird’s nest gel on incision wound healing in mice (Mus musculus). The observed parameters included the time required for complete wound closure and morphological changes of the wound compared to the control group.

This study employed a laboratory experimental method using 24 male mice, which were divided into six groups: four treatment groups (white edible bird’s nest gel at concentrations of 10%, 15%, and 30%, and a gel base group) and two control groups (a positive control using povidone iodine and a negative control with natural healing without treatment). Prior to treatment, the mice were anesthetized and the dorsal area was shaved. A square-shaped incision wound measuring 1.0–1.2 cm was then created down to the fascia. The gel was applied to the wound area twice daily for 14 days, and wound size was measured daily.

The results showed a significant difference between the treatment groups and the control groups. The groups treated with white edible bird’s nest gel exhibited faster wound healing compared to the control groups. Specifically, the 10% concentration of the gel demonstrated the most optimal healing effect compared to other treatments and controls.

ANALISIS KESESUAIAN BIAYA RIIL TERHADAP TARIF INA- CBG’s PADA PENGOBATAN PASIEN RAWAT INAP DIARE DI RUMAH SAKIT SUMBER HURIP CIREBON

trisna lestari — 2026-06-30

The management of hospitalized patients with diarrhea incurs significant costs, particularly for JKN participants under the INA-CBG’s package payment system. Discrepancies between actual hospital costs and INA-CBG’s rates can result in financial losses for healthcare facilities. This study analyzes the alignment of actual treatment costs with INA-CBG’s rates for inpatients with diarrhea at Sumber Hurip Hospital in Cirebon, and evaluates patient characteristics and treatment profiles. The study employs a quantitative, observational approach with a retrospective design. A total of 213 medical records of inpatients with diarrhea from January to December 2024 were collected using random sampling. Data analysis was performed using SPSS with descriptive and bivariate correlation tests. The majority of patients were aged 18–59 years (100%), female (63.8%), admitted to Class III (64.7%), had a length of stay of 3–5 days (86.39%), and had mild cases (91.55%). Treatment was dominated by Diagit (52.95%) and New Diatab (43.01%). The average INA-CBG rate was Rp434,257,800, while the average actual cost reached Rp568,133,904, resulting in a shortfall of Rp133,876,104. Factors with a significant influence (p<0.05) were age, length of hospital stay, secondary diagnosis, severity level, and care class, while gender had no effect.

TINJAUAN SISTEMATIS: STUDI KANDUNGAN FITOKIMIA DAN AKTIVITAS ANTIMIKROBA TANAMAN DLINGO (Acorus calamus L.)

Purwaningsih Purwaningsih — 2026-06-30

The Dlingo plant (Acorus calamus L.) is a medicinal plant that has long been used in traditional medicine and is known to have various biological activities, including as an antimicrobial. This review article aims to examine the phytochemical content and antimicrobial activity of Acorus calamus L. based on research results published in the period 2021–2026. The article search method was carried out using relevant keywords from the following databases: Google Scholar, ScienDirect, and NCBI. The study was conducted through a literature analysis of various studies evaluating the content of secondary metabolites in leaves, herbs, and rhizomes and their activities against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The review results show that Acorus calamus L. contains various bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, saponins, steroids, glycosides, triterpenoids, phenolics, phytosterols, and essential oils dominated by asarone. The rhizome is the part of the plant with the highest diversity of secondary metabolites. Various extracts of Acorus calamus L. exhibit antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as antifungal activity against Sclerotium rolfsii. These activities are thought to be related to the synergism of secondary metabolites that can disrupt cell membrane integrity and microbial metabolism. Based on the review results, Acorus calamus L. has the potential to be developed as a source of phytopharmaceutical raw materials and natural antimicrobial agents.

PENGARUH EDUKASI DAN DEMONSTRASI PEMBUATAN SAMPO HERBAL LERAK (Sapindus rarak DC.) TERHADAP PENGETAHUAN MASYARAKAT

Caesar Ria Murdani — 2026-06-30

Dandruff is one of the most common scalp disorders experienced by the community. The long-term use of commercial shampoos containing synthetic surfactants such as Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) may cause scalp irritation and hair damage. Lerak (Sapindus rarak DC.) contains saponins that function as natural biosurfactants and have the potential to be used as herbal shampoo ingredients. However, public knowledge regarding the utilization of lerak as a natural hair care product remains limited. This study aimed to analyze the effect of education and demonstration of herbal shampoo production based on lerak on community knowledge. The study employed a quasi-experimental method with a one-group pretest-posttest design. A total of 25 respondents participated in the study. Knowledge data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of ten questions. Data analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. The results showed that the average pretest score was 55.6%, increasing to 86.4% in the posttest, with an increase of 30.8%. Statistical analysis indicated a significant difference between pretest and posttest scores (p = 0.002). Therefore, education and demonstration activities effectively improved community knowledge regarding the utilization of lerak as a natural herbal shampoo ingredient.

ANALISA KEPUASAN KONSUMEN TERHADAP KUALITAS PELAYANAN OBAT TANPA RESEP DI APOTEK WANADADI KABUPATEN BANJARNEGARA

Siti Asadu Sofiah M.Farm — 2026-06-30

The quality of non-prescription drug services greatly affects the level of consumer satisfaction. However, in reality, there are still many pharmacies that have not provided optimal service to requests for non-prescription drugs. This research aimed to determine the level of consumer satisfaction with the quality of non-prescription drug services at Apotek Wanadadi Pharmacy. A quantitative descriptive approach using data collection from 93 respondents through a questionnaire based on five SERVQUAL dimensions. The analysis was carried out using the Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) method, gap analysis, and paired sample t-test. The results showed a Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) value of 92,72% which was categorized as very satisfied. However, all dimensions showed an average gap value of -0,15, indicating that the service was not fully in accordance with expectations. The paired samples test showed a significant difference between expectations and reality (significance 0,00), and the correlation between service quality and consumer satisfaction was strong and significant (0,709). This study shows the need to improve services even though the level of satisfaction is in the high category.

Keywords: Consumer Satisfaction, Service Quality, Non-Prescription Drugs, SERVQUAL, Wanadadi Pharmacy.

REVIEW POTENSI BIOPLASTIK SEBAGAI SHEET MASK RAMAH LINGKUNGAN DAN APLIKASI ANTI-AGING

Aisyah Gita Syafiqoh — 2026-06-30

The high volume of synthetic facial mask waste triggers the urgency for eco-friendly cosmetic innovations aligned with the clean beauty trend. This research aims to review the potential of chitosan bioplastic sheet masks infused with natural extracts as anti-aging agents. The benefit is to provide a sustainable cosmetic alternative that minimizes environmental pollution. This literature review of 37 articles (2015-2025) indicates that modifying the chitosan matrix with plasticizers optimizes elasticity, moisture retention, and pH for topical applications. Integrating local plant extracts (purslane, salacca peel, Centella asiatica, and cocoa beans) provides strong antioxidant effects. Quantitatively, this potential is evidenced by the antioxidant activity of cocoa bean extract (IC50 55.2 μg/ml) and purslane (IC50 83.91 ppm), and 63.8% tyrosinase inhibition by salacca peel. Clinically and ecologically, this formulation is safe (biocompatible, non-irritating), antimicrobial, accelerates cell recovery, and is 100% biodegradable. In conclusion, chitosan sheet masks with natural bioactives offer a high-performance, eco-friendly cosmetic solution.