TINJAUAN SISTEMATIS: STUDI KANDUNGAN FITOKIMIA DAN AKTIVITAS ANTIMIKROBA TANAMAN DLINGO (Acorus calamus L.)

Abstract

The Dlingo plant (Acorus calamus L.) is a medicinal plant that has long been used in traditional medicine and is known to have various biological activities, including as an antimicrobial. This review article aims to examine the phytochemical content and antimicrobial activity of Acorus calamus  L. based on research results published in the period 2021–2026. The article search method was carried out using relevant keywords from the following databases: Google Scholar, ScienDirect, and NCBI. The study was conducted through a literature analysis of various studies evaluating the content of secondary metabolites in leaves, herbs, and rhizomes and their activities against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The review results show that Acorus calamus L. contains various bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, saponins, steroids, glycosides, triterpenoids, phenolics, phytosterols, and essential oils dominated by asarone. The rhizome is the part of the plant with the highest diversity of secondary metabolites. Various extracts of Acorus calamus L. exhibit antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as antifungal activity against Sclerotium rolfsii. These activities are thought to be related to the synergism of secondary metabolites that can disrupt cell membrane integrity and microbial metabolism. Based on the review results, Acorus calamus L. has the potential to be developed as a source of phytopharmaceutical raw materials and natural antimicrobial agents.